The Battle That Shaped New York: Jacobs vs. Moses

New York City in the 1960s was a battleground, but not in the way you might think. This was a war over the future of the city itself—a battle between two visionaries: Jane Jacobs and Robert Moses. Let’s dive into the clash that redefined urban planning and shaped New York as we know it today.

Setting the Stage: Post-War New York City

The story begins in the mid-20th century when New York City was booming. Robert Moses, the city’s most powerful urban planner, was on a mission to modernize New York. Known as the “Master Builder,” Moses was responsible for many of New York’s major infrastructure projects, from bridges and highways to parks and public housing. Over his career, Moses built 416 miles of parkways, 13 bridges, and numerous highways, reshaping the city to accommodate cars.

Moses was a firm believer in the idea that progress meant wide roads, expressways, and suburban-style developments. He envisioned a New York that prioritized cars over people, and he was willing to demolish entire neighborhoods to make it happen. But there was one neighborhood he didn't anticipate encountering fierce resistance from: Greenwich Village.

 

Enter Jane Jacobs: The People’s Advocate

Jane Jacobs was a journalist, author, and activist who believed in the power of communities. Unlike Moses, Jacobs saw cities as ecosystems that thrive when people are encouraged to walk, interact, and live close to one another. Her groundbreaking book, The Death and Life of Great American Cities, published in 1961, challenged conventional urban planning theories. She argued that a city’s strength came from its vibrant, diverse neighborhoods, not towering highways and isolated high-rises.

Jacobs moved to Greenwich Village in the 1930s, a neighborhood known for its bohemian charm and tight-knit community. It was here that she would take on Robert Moses in one of the most significant urban planning battles in American history.

 

The Lower Manhattan Expressway: Moses’ Ambitious Plan

The conflict reached its peak over a proposed project known as the Lower Manhattan Expressway (LOMEX). This expressway was part of Moses’ grand vision to transform Manhattan into a car-centric metropolis. The 10-lane highway would have cut through the heart of Lower Manhattan, connecting the Williamsburg and Manhattan Bridges with the Holland Tunnel. Moses claimed this would ease traffic congestion and boost the city’s economic growth.

However, the plan came at a high cost: it would have required the demolition of large swaths of Greenwich Village, SoHo, and Little Italy, displacing thousands of residents and destroying historic buildings. The project threatened to uproot 2000 families and demolish 800 businesses, erasing the cultural fabric of these neighborhoods.

 

Jane Jacobs’ Grassroots Resistance

Jane Jacobs wasn’t about to let that happen. In 1958, she began organizing protests, writing op-eds, and mobilizing the local community to fight back against Moses’ expressway plan. Jacobs formed the Committee to Save the West Village, rallying neighbors to speak out against the destruction of their community.

Her grassroots activism was relentless. In 1962, during a public hearing for the LOMEX project, Jacobs famously led a protest that disrupted the meeting, shouting, “The people have to fight Robert Moses!” This bold move resulted in her arrest, but it also galvanized public opinion against the expressway.

Jacobs argued that cities should be designed for people, not cars. She highlighted how vibrant street life, walkable neighborhoods, and mixed-use buildings were essential to a city’s health and vitality. Jacobs’ efforts helped shift public perception, proving that urban planning wasn’t just for experts but also for the people who actually lived in the city.

 

The Turning Point: Victory for the People

The tide began to turn in favor of Jacobs and her supporters. By the mid-1960s, the political climate was changing, and so was the public’s attitude towards Moses’ top-down approach to urban planning. In 1968, after a decade of relentless activism, New York City Mayor John Lindsay officially canceled the Lower Manhattan Expressway project. This marked a monumental victory for Jacobs and the residents of Lower Manhattan.

Moses, who had once been untouchable, saw his influence wane. The defeat of LOMEX symbolized the end of an era where urban planners could bulldoze neighborhoods in the name of progress without public input. Jacobs’ victory wasn’t just about saving a neighborhood—it was a turning point in urban planning, ushering in a new era that valued community, walkability, and people-oriented design.

 

The Legacy of Jacobs vs. Moses

So, what did we learn from the battle between Jane Jacobs and Robert Moses? Their clash reshaped urban planning philosophy in New York and beyond. Moses’ vision of highways and high-rises gave way to Jacobs’ ideas about preserving neighborhoods, fostering community engagement, and promoting mixed-use spaces.

In the decades that followed, cities around the world began adopting Jacobs’ principles. Today, urban planners emphasize the importance of walkability, green spaces, and human-scaled development. From the High Line in Manhattan to the revitalization of neighborhoods like Dumbo in Brooklyn, the impact of Jacobs’ vision is evident.

Even in cities like San Francisco and Boston, where highways once sliced through communities, efforts have been made to reclaim urban space for parks, bike lanes, and pedestrian-friendly zones.

 

Conclusion

The battle between Jane Jacobs and Robert Moses wasn’t just a fight over a single highway—it was a fight over the soul of New York City. Their clash highlighted the importance of community activism, public input, and the need to design cities for people, not just cars. Today, as cities worldwide grapple with issues like congestion, climate change, and housing shortages, the lessons from Jacobs vs. Moses are more relevant than ever.

Are Car-Free Cities the Future?

Imagine cities where you can walk freely, breathe clean air, and never worry about dodging cars. Are car-free cities the future? Let’s explore how some cities are making it a reality.

 

The Rise of Car-Free Zones

With climate change, air pollution, and urban congestion on the rise, more cities are rethinking their reliance on cars. The push for pedestrian-friendly spaces isn't just about going green—it’s about creating healthier, more livable cities. Let's dive into two inspiring examples: Copenhagen and New York's Times Square.

 

Case Study 1: Copenhagen – The Pedestrian Pioneer

Copenhagen is often seen as the gold standard for car-free urban living. It all began in 1962 when the city closed off Strøget, one of its main streets, to cars, transforming it into one of the longest pedestrian-only zones in Europe, stretching 1.1 kilometers. At the time, many were skeptical. Critics argued that banning cars would harm businesses. But the opposite happened—foot traffic increased, and so did sales.

Fast-forward to today, and Copenhagen boasts 96 kilometers of pedestrian streets and 385 kilometers of bike lanes. In fact, over 62% of the city's residents commute by bike daily. The city's bold goal? To become completely carbon-neutral by 2025. Car-free zones are a big part of this plan, helping reduce emissions and improve air quality.

The city has also introduced car-free Sundays in select areas, which cut emissions by 20% during those days. Copenhagen’s transformation shows how reclaiming streets for people can lead to cleaner, healthier, and more vibrant urban spaces.

 

Case Study 2: Times Square, New York – From Traffic Chaos to Pedestrian Paradise

New York City may seem like an unlikely candidate for car-free spaces, given its reputation for traffic congestion. But in 2009, a bold experiment began: closing off parts of Times Square to cars. The initiative started as a pilot project to reduce accidents and ease congestion. To everyone’s surprise, it was a massive success.

Pedestrianizing Times Square freed up 2.5 acres of space previously dominated by cars. This project turned one of the busiest intersections in the world into a pedestrian haven, attracting around 400,000 visitors daily. Traffic accidents dropped by 40%, and injuries to pedestrians decreased by 35%. Businesses thrived as foot traffic soared, showing that prioritizing people over cars can lead to both safer streets and economic benefits.

Today, Times Square is a case study in urban design, proving that even car-centric cities can reimagine their spaces. New York is now exploring further pedestrian zones, inspired by the success of Times Square.

 

Other Noteworthy Examples

• Paris: Mayor Anne Hidalgo has been leading the charge to transform Paris into a car-free utopia. The city has banned diesel cars from the city center and plans to be entirely car-free by 2024. Paris has added 1,000 km of bike lanes and introduced “car-free” days, which have seen up to 50% reductions in nitrogen dioxide levels.
• Oslo: In a radical move, Oslo removed nearly all parking spaces from its city center in 2019, replacing them with bike lanes, parks, and pedestrian zones. The result? A significant drop in carbon emissions and a 10% increase in local retail sales.
• Bogotá: Colombia’s capital is famous for its "Ciclovía" program, which closes 120 kilometers of streets to cars every Sunday, allowing millions to bike, walk, or skate freely. This initiative, started in the 1970s, has become a model for car-free days worldwide.

 

Why Go Car-Free?

The benefits of car-free cities go beyond just cleaner air. Studies have shown that reducing cars in urban areas leads to lower noise pollution, better mental health, and even a stronger sense of community. A study from Barcelona found that converting 60% of streets into car-free zones could prevent 667 premature deaths annually, thanks to reduced air pollution.

Economically, pedestrian-friendly areas often boost local businesses. In Portland, Oregon, a study revealed that people walking and biking to shops spend 40% more money than those driving.

Moreover, car-free zones can help cities tackle the global climate crisis. Transportation is responsible for nearly 24% of global CO2 emissions, with a significant chunk coming from cars. By reducing car dependency, cities can make a major impact on their carbon footprint.

 

The Challenges of Going Car-Free

Of course, going car-free isn't without its challenges. Cities must invest in robust public transportation and cycling infrastructure to make up for reduced car access. There are also social equity concerns—how do we ensure that car bans don’t disproportionately affect those who rely on cars for their livelihoods?

But with the right planning and community engagement, these challenges can be overcome. The rise of e-bikes, electric buses, and even shared mobility services offers new ways for people to get around without needing their own car.

 

Conclusion

So, are car-free cities the future? If Copenhagen, New York, and Paris are any indication, the answer is a resounding yes. As cities continue to grapple with pollution, congestion, and the impacts of climate change, car-free zones could become the norm rather than the exception.

More about sustainable transportation:

How Subways Changed Cities Forever

Bikes vs. Cars: The Urban Battle

Top 10 Metro and Light Rail Systems in Southeast Asia Ranked

he Secret Mini-History of Sidewalks

The Land Use and Individual Correlates of Pedestrian Commuting: Who Walks to Their Work or Place of Study in the Large Cities of the MENA Region?

System Dynamics Modeling and Fuzzy MCDM Approach as Support for Assessment of Sustainability Management on the Example of Transport Sector Company

How Subways Changed Cities Forever

 From the crowded streets of Victorian London to the neon-lit avenues of modern Tokyo, subways have reshaped the way cities grow, function, and connect. Today, we explore how the development of underground transit systems transformed cities across the world, making them more efficient, accessible, and sustainable. Let’s dive into two iconic examples: the London Underground and the Tokyo Metro.

The Birth of the Subway: London Underground

London, the capital of the British Empire in the 19th century, faced a growing crisis: overcrowded streets. As the city’s population soared past 3 million in the mid-1800s, horse-drawn carriages clogged the roads, and the newly built railways couldn’t keep up with demand. The solution? Go underground.

• The World’s First Subway
  The London Underground, or “the Tube,” became the world's first underground railway when it opened on January 10, 1863. The inaugural line, the Metropolitan Railway, stretched 6 kilometers (3.7 miles), connecting Paddington to Farringdon. It was a groundbreaking achievement, carrying over 38,000 passengers on its first day of operation. By the end of its first year, the line had transported 9.5 million passengers.
• Impact on Urban Development
  The Tube revolutionized how Londoners lived and worked. Before the Underground, most people lived close to their workplaces, cramming into the city center. With the introduction of the subway, Londoners could now commute from more distant suburbs, leading to the expansion of the city. This new accessibility encouraged the growth of residential neighborhoods like Ealing and Hammersmith, effectively laying the groundwork for modern suburban living.
• Engineering Marvels and Innovations
  The early tunnels of the Tube were dug using the “cut-and-cover” method, but this technique disrupted city life. By 1890, the world’s first deep-level electric railway opened on the Northern Line, which used a new technique called the Greathead Shield for tunneling. These electric trains eliminated the smoke and soot of steam engines, making underground travel much cleaner and safer. Today, the London Underground spans 402 kilometers (250 miles) of track and serves 272 stations, making it one of the largest subway systems in the world.
• Economic Boost
  The Tube didn’t just change commuting; it boosted London’s economy. It’s estimated that the London Underground generates around £10 billion in economic value each year by reducing congestion, improving access to jobs, and increasing property values near stations.

Tokyo Metro: The Pinnacle of Efficiency

On the other side of the world, Tokyo faced its own challenges as it grew into a bustling metropolis. By the early 20th century, the city was teeming with life, and the streets were jam-packed. Inspired by London, New York, and Berlin, Japan embarked on building its own subway system to alleviate surface traffic and accommodate its rapidly growing population.

• A Humble Beginning
  The Tokyo Metro’s first line, the Ginza Line, opened in 1927, stretching 2.2 kilometers (1.4 miles) between Asakusa and Ueno. Despite its small size, it became an instant success, with 100,000 passengers on its first day. The demand was so high that the operator had to use former streetcars to handle the overflow of commuters.
• Efficiency and Punctuality
  Today, the Tokyo Metro is known for its legendary efficiency and punctuality. It operates 9 lines covering 195 kilometers (121 miles) and serves around 6.84 million passengers daily. When combined with the Toei Subway, Tokyo’s total underground system handles over 10 million daily commuters, making it one of the busiest subway systems in the world.

The trains are famous for their timeliness, with an average delay of just 18 seconds per train. This dedication to punctuality has earned the Tokyo Metro a reputation as one of the most reliable public transit systems globally. It’s even common for station attendants to distribute “train delay certificates” if a train is more than 5 minutes late, so commuters can show proof of the delay to their employers.

• Smart Use of Technology
  Tokyo’s subway system is not just about getting people from point A to point B; it’s about enhancing the commuter experience. Stations are equipped with amenities like air-conditioning, Wi-Fi, and detailed real-time information displays. In recent years, the Tokyo Metro has adopted energy-efficient LED lighting and regenerative braking systems, reducing energy consumption by 20%.
• Economic and Social Impact
  The Metro’s efficiency has made Tokyo a more attractive city to live in, supporting its status as a global financial center. According to studies, the availability of the subway has increased property values near stations by up to 30% and played a key role in reducing the city's overall carbon emissions. The Tokyo Metro system is a testament to how a well-designed subway can enhance urban quality of life.

Subways Around the World: A Global Impact

The impact of subways extends far beyond London and Tokyo. Let’s take a quick look at how subways have transformed other cities around the world.

• New York City
  The New York City Subway, opened in 1904, is one of the oldest and most extensive subway systems, with 472 stations and over 394 kilometers (245 miles) of track. It serves 4.3 million passengers daily and operates 24/7, making it a lifeline for the city that never sleeps. The subway system has played a key role in New York's economic growth, helping connect workers to jobs in the sprawling metropolis.
• Moscow Metro
  Known for its stunning architecture and grand chandeliers, the Moscow Metro serves over 6.6 million passengers daily. It’s not only a transport system but also a cultural icon, with stations often referred to as “underground palaces.” The system spans 241 stations and features a punctuality rate of 99.99%.
• Shanghai Metro
  As the world’s largest subway network by route length, the Shanghai Metro covers over 803 kilometers (499 miles) with 510 stations. Opened in 1993, it has rapidly expanded to accommodate the city’s massive population, transporting over 10 million passengers daily.

Conclusion: How Subways Continue to Shape Cities

Subways are more than just a way to get around; they’re a powerful force for urban transformation. The London Underground pioneered the concept, showing cities how to grow beyond their crowded cores. Tokyo’s Metro took the idea to the next level, blending punctuality with cutting-edge technology to keep one of the world’s largest cities moving. From reducing traffic congestion to lowering carbon emissions, subways have proved to be a game-changer for urban living.

As cities continue to grow, the lessons learned from London, Tokyo, and other subway pioneers will be more important than ever. Investing in efficient, reliable, and sustainable transit systems is not just a matter of convenience—it’s essential for the future of our cities.

More about public transportation: 

Top 10 Metro and Light Rail Systems in Southeast Asia Ranked

Relations of Public Transport Use and Car Ownership with Neighbourhood and City-Level Travel Purposes in Kerman, Iran

System Dynamics Modeling and Fuzzy MCDM Approach as Support for Assessment of Sustainability Management on the Example of Transport Sector Company

The Neighborhood Effect on Keeping Non-Commuting Journeys within Compact and Sprawled Districts

Children’s Independent Mobility to School in Seven European Countries: A Multinomial Logit Model

Bikes vs. Cars: The Urban Battle

 Cities around the world have long been defined by how we choose to get around. For decades, cars have been the dominant force shaping urban landscapes, with highways, wide roads, and sprawling parking lots. But as we face growing concerns about climate change, pollution, and traffic congestion, there's been a push to rethink our reliance on cars. This has led to a battle between bikes and cars for the future of our cities. Let’s explore how two iconic cities, Amsterdam and Los Angeles, represent opposite sides of this urban struggle.

The Rise of Bike Culture: Amsterdam’s Success Story

Amsterdam is often seen as the gold standard for bike-friendly cities. But it wasn’t always this way. In the 1950s and 60s, Amsterdam, like many other cities, was moving towards a car-centric future. Cars flooded the streets, and cycling was in decline. However, a dramatic shift happened in the 1970s.

• The Turning Point: The 1970s Oil Crisis and Protests
  By the early 1970s, the number of cars in the Netherlands had skyrocketed, and road safety was a major issue. In 1971 alone, over 3,000 people died in traffic accidents, including 400 children. This sparked widespread protests, with groups like “Stop de Kindermoord” (Stop the Child Murder) leading the charge for safer streets. The oil crisis of 1973 further fueled the shift, as fuel prices surged, prompting the government to promote cycling as a cost-effective alternative.
• Biking Takes Over
  Thanks to grassroots activism and government support, Amsterdam invested heavily in cycling infrastructure. Today, 38% of all trips in Amsterdam are made by bike, and there are over 515 kilometers (320 miles) of bike lanes throughout the city. The city also boasts 881,000 bicycles, outnumbering its 821,000 residents. Cyclists are given priority on many roads, and car traffic is often restricted or slowed to accommodate them.
• Economic and Environmental Impact
  Cycling in Amsterdam saves the city €19 million annually in health costs, thanks to reduced pollution and increased physical activity. Additionally, cycling has significantly lowered the city’s carbon footprint. In 2019, cycling in the Netherlands was estimated to prevent the emission of around 1.41 million tons of CO2 each year. That's the equivalent of taking 250,000 cars off the road.

Los Angeles: A Car-Dependent City’s Struggle to Embrace Bikes

While Amsterdam is a success story, Los Angeles represents the other side of the spectrum. Built with the car in mind, LA is known for its sprawling freeways and car culture. But as traffic congestion worsens and environmental concerns rise, the city is trying to make room for bikes.

• A City Built for Cars
  Los Angeles has the highest car ownership rate in the U.S., with nearly 2.5 million cars registered in the city. The average Angeleno spends around 119 hours per year stuck in traffic, costing the city $9.3 billion in lost productivity annually. This car-centric infrastructure leaves little room for bikes, and as of 2023, only 1% of all trips in Los Angeles are made by bicycle.
• Attempts at Change: The LA Bike Plan
  In recent years, Los Angeles has tried to reverse its dependence on cars. The 2010 LA Bike Plan aimed to add 1,684 miles of bikeways by 2035. However, progress has been slow. As of 2023, the city had built only 700 miles of bike lanes, often facing resistance from drivers and local businesses. For example, when the city installed bike lanes on Westwood Boulevard, it faced backlash from motorists concerned about losing parking spaces.
• Mixed Results
  The push for more bike-friendly infrastructure in Los Angeles has led to some successes, such as the Expo Line Bike Path, which spans 12 miles and connects key neighborhoods. However, the city still struggles to match the bike infrastructure of cities like Amsterdam or even Portland, where 7% of all trips are made by bike.
• Health and Environmental Benefits
  Despite the challenges, increasing bike use in LA could have huge benefits. If just 5% of all car trips were replaced with bike trips, the city could reduce CO2 emissions by over 2,000 tons annually. It would also help improve air quality in a city that often ranks among the worst in the U.S. for pollution.

Bikes vs. Cars: The Global Perspective

The battle between bikes and cars isn’t just limited to Amsterdam and Los Angeles. Cities around the world are grappling with this challenge.

• Copenhagen, Denmark
  Often cited alongside Amsterdam as one of the world’s most bike-friendly cities, Copenhagen aims to be carbon-neutral by 2025. Currently, 62% of residents commute by bike daily, and the city has invested over €200 million in cycling infrastructure since 2005. The “Cycle Superhighways” project connects the city center with the suburbs, encouraging even more residents to cycle instead of drive.
• Bogotá, Colombia
  Bogotá has implemented Ciclovía, where 120 kilometers of streets are closed to cars every Sunday, allowing cyclists, pedestrians, and skaters to take over. This initiative has inspired cities like New York and Mexico City to adopt similar programs. Bogotá also boasts over 550 kilometers of dedicated bike lanes, showing that bike culture can thrive even in car-dominated regions.
• China
  In China, bike-sharing programs have exploded in popularity. Companies like Mobike and Ofo flooded cities with millions of bikes, resulting in 70 million daily bike trips at the peak of the trend. While the bike-sharing boom has since cooled, cities like Beijing and Shanghai are investing heavily in dedicated bike lanes to reduce car congestion.

Conclusion: The Road Ahead

The battle between bikes and cars is far from over. Cities around the world are recognizing the need to shift away from car dependency to more sustainable, healthier modes of transportation. Amsterdam shows us that with the right policies and infrastructure, a city can transform itself into a bike paradise. Meanwhile, Los Angeles demonstrates the challenges of retrofitting a car-centric city for bikes.

As we face the pressing issues of climate change, pollution, and urban congestion, the choice between bikes and cars becomes more than just a matter of preference—it’s a question of survival for our cities. The future of urban transportation may well depend on finding the right balance between these two modes, prioritizing sustainability, and designing cities that are not only efficient but also livable.

More about biking:

Logit and probit models explaining perceived cycling motives, barriers, and biking trip generation in Lahore, Pakistan

Logistic models explaining the determinants of biking for commute and non-commute trips in Lahore, Pakistan

Urban travel characteristics in relation with jobs-housing balance and accessibility: results of a survey in Lahore, Pakistan

Improving the Pedestrian Environment Through Innovative Transportation Design

The bicycle's long way to China: The appropriation of cycling as a foreign cultural technique (1860-1941)

Top 10 Metro and Light Rail Systems in Southeast Asia Ranked

 Southeast Asia is home to some of the world’s fastest-growing cities, each grappling with the challenges of urbanization, congestion, and sustainability. Metro systems have emerged as transformative solutions, reducing traffic, cutting emissions, and making cities more livable. But not all systems are created equal. Today, we’ll rank the top 10 metro systems in Southeast Asia, considering factors like efficiency, technology, coverage, sustainability, and user experience. Each system is scored out of 100, with 100 representing world-class excellence.

1. Singapore MRT (Score: 100)

Singapore’s Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) leads the pack with its unparalleled efficiency, seamless integration, and forward-thinking design. Since its launch in 1987, the MRT has grown to over 200 kilometers of track and more than 130 stations, covering the entire island.

With an average daily ridership of 3.5 million, the MRT is known for punctuality, boasting a reliability rate of 99.8%—one of the highest globally. Its EZ-Link card system simplifies payments across trains, buses, and taxis, reflecting Singapore's emphasis on connectivity.

The MRT’s eco-friendly initiatives, like regenerative braking systems and naturally ventilated stations, save millions of kilowatt-hours annually. The recently added Thomson-East Coast Line reduced commuter times by as much as 50%, underscoring its impact on daily life. Images of ultra-modern stations and green corridors surrounding the tracks showcase the MRT as a model for urban mobility.

 

2. Bangkok BTS and MRT (Score: 94)

Bangkok’s Skytrain (BTS) and underground MRT form a dynamic duo that revolutionized commuting in Thailand’s capital. The BTS started in 1999 with two lines, now spanning over 70 kilometers, while the MRT began in 2004 and covers an additional 54 kilometers.

Together, they carry 1.3 million passengers daily, significantly alleviating Bangkok’s notorious traffic. The elevated BTS tracks offer breathtaking views of the cityscape, while MRT stations feature contemporary Thai art.

The efficiency of these systems is reflected in their 97% on-time performance and seamless connections to river ferries and airports. Future expansions, like the MRT Orange Line, promise to bring coverage to underserved areas. Bangkok's network balances innovation with cultural identity, making it both functional and iconic.

 

3. Kuala Lumpur LRT & MRT (Score: 89)

Kuala Lumpur boasts a sophisticated rail system that integrates Light Rail Transit (LRT), Monorail, and MRT lines. Collectively spanning over 170 kilometers, these systems handle 2 million passengers daily across the Klang Valley.

The Kelana Jaya Line stands out as Southeast Asia’s first driverless metro, while the MRT Sungai Buloh-Kajang Line set a benchmark for sustainable construction. Stations like Bukit Bintang showcase a mix of modernity and local culture, creating an inviting environment for commuters.

The system’s cashless ticketing, real-time arrival data, and future-proof expansions, including the MRT Putrajaya Line, elevate Kuala Lumpur’s transit ecosystem. The network’s emphasis on energy efficiency and integration has positioned it as a leader in urban connectivity.

 

4. Jakarta MRT (Score: 84)

Indonesia’s bustling capital took a major leap forward with the Jakarta MRT, launched in 2019. Initially covering 16 kilometers and serving 200,000 passengers daily, the MRT plans to expand to over 230 kilometers by 2030.

The MRT has reduced travel times between key areas by up to 50%, providing a reliable alternative to Jakarta’s infamous traffic. Energy-efficient trains and green urban spaces around stations reflect its commitment to sustainability.

While still in its early stages, the Jakarta MRT has demonstrated the transformative potential of urban rail. The government’s ambitious vision, combined with positive user feedback, suggests a bright future for the system.

 

5. Manila Metro (Score: 78)

The Manila MRT, one of Southeast Asia’s oldest, has served the Philippines’ capital since 1984. Despite carrying over 1.3 million passengers daily, the system has faced challenges like aging infrastructure and overcrowding.

Planned upgrades include air-conditioned trains, improved ticketing systems, and extensions to suburban areas. The MRT3 line, running along the bustling EDSA highway, remains a vital artery for Manila’s commuters.

While the system’s reliability has room for improvement, ongoing modernization efforts aim to restore the network’s former glory. Manila’s metro is a testament to resilience and the importance of investing in public transit.

 

6. Hanoi Metro (Score: 72)

Hanoi’s first metro line, the Cat Linh-Ha Dong Line, opened in 2021, marking a new chapter for Vietnam’s capital. Covering 13 kilometers and serving 12,000 passengers daily, it represents a modest start with ambitious plans for growth.

By 2030, Hanoi aims to build a network of 318 kilometers, reducing congestion and emissions. The line’s sleek trains and vibrant station interiors symbolize the city’s modernization.

While currently limited in scope, Hanoi Metro showcases the potential of public transit to reshape urban mobility in emerging economies.

 

7. Ho Chi Minh City Metro (Score: 70)

Expected to launch in 2024, Ho Chi Minh City’s first metro line promises to revolutionize commuting in Vietnam’s largest city. The 19.7-kilometer Line 1 will connect downtown with suburban districts, aiming to serve 220,000 passengers daily in its initial phase.

Future expansions include six lines covering 200 kilometers, addressing the city’s growing transportation needs. Early visuals of stations and trains hint at a blend of modernity and functionality.

As the system comes online, it has the potential to become a cornerstone of urban development in Ho Chi Minh City.

 

8. Singapore LRT (Score: 68)

Singapore’s Light Rail Transit (LRT) system complements the MRT by providing first-mile, last-mile connectivity in suburban areas. Automated and efficient, the LRT handles over 600,000 daily passengers across three lines.

While smaller in scale than the MRT, the LRT plays a critical role in linking residential areas to the main transit network. Its compact design and real-time monitoring ensure reliability and ease of use.

The LRT is a testament to Singapore’s holistic approach to urban mobility, ensuring no commuter is left behind.

 

9. Bangkok Airport Rail Link (Score: 65)

Connecting Suvarnabhumi Airport to central Bangkok, the Airport Rail Link serves 70,000 passengers daily, offering speeds of up to 160 km/h. While not a full metro system, it enhances the city’s transit landscape.

The link’s efficiency and affordability make it a popular choice for travelers. As expansions tie it more closely to the BTS and MRT networks, its importance will only grow.

 

10. Phnom Penh Metro Vision (Score: 60)

While Phnom Penh is still in the planning stages of building its first metro, the proposed $1.8 billion project has generated significant excitement. Expected to serve 50,000 passengers daily, the system aims to reduce congestion and pollution in Cambodia’s capital.

Though yet to break ground, the project represents the aspirations of a city on the cusp of transformation. Early renderings suggest a sleek, efficient design that could set a new standard for transit in emerging markets.

 

Conclusion: Southeast Asia’s Transit Future

Southeast Asia’s metro systems are as diverse as the region itself. From Singapore’s world-class MRT to the emerging networks in Vietnam and Cambodia, these systems showcase the power of transit to shape cities. As urban populations grow, investing in efficient, sustainable metro networks will be essential for the region’s future. Each system on this list has contributed to this vision, proving that public transit is not just about moving people—it’s about connecting lives and building better cities.

More about public transportation:

Relations of Public Transport Use and Car Ownership with Neighbourhood and City-Level Travel Purposes in Kerman, Iran

The Neighborhood Effect on Keeping Non-Commuting Journeys within Compact and Sprawled Districts

Children’s Independent Mobility to School in Seven European Countries: A Multinomial Logit Model

Urban Sprawl, Socioeconomic Features, and Travel Patterns in Middle East Countries: A Case Study in Iran

Correlations of Urban Sprawl with Transport Patterns and Socioeconomics of University Students in Cracow, Poland

What Ancient Romans Taught Us About Cities

 When you think of ancient Rome, you probably imagine grand temples, gladiatorial arenas, and bustling marketplaces. But the Romans also left behind an incredible legacy in urban planning that continues to shape our cities today. Their innovative approach to infrastructure, city layout, and public amenities set a blueprint that has been replicated in cities across the globe. Let's dive into how the Romans influenced modern urban development, using Rome and London as our main case studies.

The Grid: The Backbone of Roman Urban Planning

One of the most influential aspects of Roman urban planning was the use of a grid system. Roman engineers meticulously planned their cities with streets laid out in a grid pattern, creating organized and efficient layouts. This design wasn't just for aesthetic purposes—it was highly functional. The main roads, called cardo (north-south) and decumanus (east-west), intersected at right angles, dividing the city into neatly arranged blocks called insulae.

• Case Study: Ancient Rome
  The Roman grid system was exemplified in cities like Pompeii, where you can still see the remains of straight, orderly streets. This design made navigation easier, facilitated trade by providing easy access to the city’s markets, and allowed for efficient movement of the Roman legions.

Fun Fact: The grid system is not just a relic of ancient times. It has inspired modern city layouts, like those in Manhattan, New York, where the street plan bears a striking resemblance to the Roman model.

Engineering Marvels: Aqueducts and Water Supply

Another remarkable contribution of the Romans was their advanced water management system. The Romans were masters of engineering, and their aqueducts are among the most famous examples of their ingenuity. These structures transported fresh water from distant sources into the city, supplying baths, fountains, homes, and public buildings.

• Rome’s Aqueducts
  At its peak, Rome had 11 aqueducts spanning over 500 kilometers, delivering around 300 million gallons of water per day to its residents. This ensured that the city's population, which was over 1 million at its height, had access to clean water. The most famous of these aqueducts, the Aqua Claudia, was built in 52 AD and supplied water for nearly 10 centuries.
• Modern Impact
  The concept of aqueducts laid the groundwork for today’s water supply systems. Cities like Los Angeles rely on a network of aqueducts to channel water from hundreds of miles away, directly inspired by Roman engineering.

Public Baths: Social Hubs of the City

In Roman cities, public baths were more than just places for cleaning up—they were social and cultural hubs where people gathered to relax, exercise, and conduct business. These baths were equipped with hot, warm, and cold rooms (known as caldarium, tepidarium, and frigidarium), reflecting the Romans' sophisticated approach to public hygiene and leisure.

• The Baths of Caracalla
  One of the most famous examples is the Baths of Caracalla, which could accommodate up to 1,600 bathers at a time. This massive complex covered around 25 acres and featured not just baths but also gyms, libraries, and gardens. The idea of communal spaces for wellness and relaxation has influenced modern urban design, with contemporary gyms, spas, and community centers drawing inspiration from these ancient Roman facilities.

Roads: All Roads Lead to Rome

The saying “All roads lead to Rome” wasn't just a metaphor—it was a testament to the extensive road network the Romans built to connect their vast empire. By the 4th century AD, the Romans had constructed over 400,000 kilometers of roads, with 80,000 kilometers paved with stones. These roads were designed to last, with some still in use today.

• Impact on London
  When the Romans founded Londinium (modern-day London) around 47 AD, they applied their systematic approach to road construction. The city was built with a grid pattern, and many of London's current roads, like Watling Street and Fenchurch Street, are built on top of ancient Roman routes. This legacy of road building not only shaped London’s layout but also influenced other cities across Europe and beyond.

The Roman Influence on Modern City Planning

The Roman approach to city planning has been remarkably influential, laying the groundwork for many aspects of modern urban design.

• Public Spaces
  The concept of public squares, or forums, in Roman cities has translated into modern city centers and plazas. Cities like Paris and Washington, D.C. use large public spaces to serve as cultural and social hubs, much like the Roman Forum did in its time.
• Sewage and Sanitation
  The Romans were pioneers in sanitation with their extensive sewer systems like the Cloaca Maxima, which drained waste from the city into the Tiber River. This early innovation paved the way for modern sewage systems, which are critical to urban health today.
• Zoning Laws
  Romans also practiced a form of zoning, separating residential areas from commercial and public spaces. This idea has influenced the development of modern zoning laws that dictate land use in today’s cities.

Rome’s Enduring Legacy in London

When the Romans invaded Britain, they brought with them their advanced city planning techniques. Londinium was strategically located on the Thames River, making it an ideal trade hub. They constructed a walled city complete with a forum, amphitheater, and a bridge, many elements of which influenced the modern city’s infrastructure.

• London’s Roman Walls
  Parts of the ancient Roman wall still exist in modern London, reminding us of the city’s deep historical roots. The layout of the city’s financial district, often referred to as “The Square Mile,” largely follows the footprint of ancient Londinium.

Conclusion: Lessons from the Romans

The Romans were visionaries who laid the foundation for many aspects of modern urban life. Their innovations in infrastructure, water management, and city planning have had a lasting impact that can still be seen in cities around the world. Whether it’s the grid patterns of New York, the aqueduct-inspired water systems of Los Angeles, or the communal bathhouses that evolved into modern wellness centers, the legacy of Roman engineering and urban design is alive and well today.

As we continue to build and expand our cities, the lessons from ancient Rome remind us of the importance of thoughtful planning, sustainable infrastructure, and public amenities that serve the community. So, the next time you walk down a well-paved street or enjoy a city park, remember—you’re experiencing a bit of ancient Roman wisdom that’s still lighting the way for our modern world.

The Evolution of Streetlights: How They Shaped Our Cities

Streetlights are something we often take for granted, but their history is surprisingly fascinating. Not only have they transformed how we navigate cities after dark, but they've also influenced social behavior, urban planning, and even public safety. Let’s dive into the story of streetlights, from their humble beginnings to their energy-efficient future.

The Dark Ages: Early Street Lighting Efforts

Before the invention of modern streetlights, navigating a city after sunset was a risky endeavor. In ancient Rome, oil lamps were used to light up streets, but only the wealthiest neighborhoods could afford them. Similarly, in medieval Europe, cities were dimly lit by torches or bonfires, which were neither reliable nor safe.

But things began to change in the 16th century. In London, the first recorded streetlamps were introduced around 1417, with oil lamps becoming more common by the 1500s. It was a start, but the real breakthrough in street lighting was yet to come.

Paris: The “City of Light” is Born

One of the most significant milestones in street lighting history occurred in Paris during the 1800s. By the early 19th century, Parisian streets were known for their darkness and danger. In 1820, the city introduced gas streetlights, which were revolutionary at the time. The installation of 56,000 gas lamps transformed Paris, reducing crime rates and extending nightlife, which ultimately earned the city its famous nickname, “La Ville Lumière” or “City of Light.”

• Quick Fact: By 1857, Paris had nearly 20,000 gas lamps, making it one of the first cities in the world to be comprehensively illuminated. This massive network of gas lamps didn't just light up streets—it also lit the way for other cities to follow suit.

Other major European cities quickly adopted this new technology. For instance, London and Berlin began installing gas streetlights, leading to a widespread transformation of urban nightlife and boosting the local economy by allowing shops and businesses to stay open longer.

The Electric Revolution: The Dawn of Light Bulbs

While gas streetlights were a significant improvement, they still required a lot of maintenance, including daily lighting and extinguishing. Enter the electric light bulb. Thomas Edison’s invention of the incandescent light bulb in 1879 sparked a new era in street lighting.

• New York City
  New York City was one of the first places to adopt electric streetlights. In 1880, Brush arc lamps (an early form of electric street lighting) were installed on Broadway, leading to its iconic nickname, “The Great White Way.” By the early 1900s, most major cities in the United States had switched to electric streetlights, making streets safer and cities brighter.
• Global Impact: By 1910, electric street lighting had become a global phenomenon, with cities like London, Berlin, and Tokyo installing electric streetlights en masse. This not only changed how people lived and worked but also drastically reduced crime rates in urban areas.

The LED Revolution: Lighting the Way to the Future

The most recent transformation in street lighting has come with the advent of LED technology. Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) are significantly more energy-efficient than their incandescent and even fluorescent predecessors, lasting up to 25 times longer and using 75% less energy.

• Los Angeles
  In 2009, Los Angeles began one of the largest LED streetlight retrofit projects in the world, replacing over 140,000 traditional streetlights with LED ones. The results were impressive: the city saved over $9 million in annual energy and maintenance costs and reduced its carbon footprint by about 47,000 metric tons per year.
• Fun Fact: LEDs can be dimmed, controlled remotely, and even change colors for special occasions. For example, in San Francisco, LED streetlights can be adjusted for events like Pride Month or Earth Day, adding a layer of community engagement to urban lighting.

The Benefits of Modern Street Lighting

Modern streetlights do more than just brighten streets—they can actually shape the way cities function and grow. Here are some of the key benefits:

1. Enhanced Safety: Studies show that well-lit streets can reduce crime by up to 20%. For instance, a study in Chicago found that installing additional streetlights in high-crime areas led to a 36% reduction in nighttime crime.
2. Improved Traffic Flow: In cities like London, smart streetlights are equipped with sensors to monitor traffic flow and adjust lighting accordingly, reducing accidents and improving road safety.
3. Energy Savings: Globally, street lighting accounts for about 6% of total energy consumption. By switching to LEDs, cities like Buenos Aires have cut energy use by more than 50%, saving millions in utility costs.

The Social Impact of Streetlights

Beyond safety and cost savings, streetlights have a profound social impact. In many developing countries, access to street lighting can transform communities by extending productive hours, improving women’s safety, and promoting local business activity.

• Example: India
  In rural India, the installation of solar-powered streetlights in villages without reliable electricity has improved residents' quality of life, allowing children to study after dark and reducing the risk of nighttime accidents.
• Fact Check: According to the United Nations, access to street lighting in developing regions has been linked to a 30% increase in women’s participation in evening markets and social events.

The Future of Streetlights: Smart Cities

As cities move towards becoming "smart cities," streetlights are playing a critical role. The next generation of streetlights will do more than just illuminate—they will be integrated with sensors and IoT (Internet of Things) technology.

• Barcelona
  Barcelona has implemented smart streetlights equipped with sensors to monitor everything from air quality to noise levels. These smart lights can adjust their brightness based on pedestrian presence, which helps in reducing energy consumption by up to 30%.
• The Bottom Line: The global smart street lighting market is expected to grow from $7.3 billion in 2021 to $13.4 billion by 2026, showing just how much potential there is in this technology.

Conclusion

From ancient oil lamps to smart LED streetlights, the evolution of street lighting has had a transformative impact on urban life. Streetlights have not only made cities safer and more vibrant but have also become symbols of progress and innovation. As technology continues to advance, who knows what the future holds? Maybe we'll see solar-powered, self-sustaining streetlights that also serve as Wi-Fi hotspots or even charge electric cars.

So the next time you walk down a brightly lit street, remember that you're experiencing the result of centuries of innovation. Streetlights are not just functional—they're a testament to human ingenuity, lighting the way to a brighter future.

How Public Markets Shaped Cities

Public markets have been an integral part of urban life for thousands of years, acting as the beating heart of cities around the world. From the bustling agora of ancient Greece to the vibrant Pike Place Market in Seattle, public markets have shaped how cities function and interact. Let’s dive into the story of public markets, how they evolved, and the impact they still have on our lives today.

The Origins of Public Markets: The Agora of Ancient Greece

The concept of a public market dates back to ancient civilizations, and few places exemplify this better than the Agora of Athens. Established around the 6th century BCE, the Agora was much more than a marketplace; it was the epicenter of social, economic, and political life in Athens. This large, open space was filled with stalls offering food, goods, and crafts, attracting people from all walks of life. Covering approximately 30,000 square meters, the Agora was strategically located at the city center, making it easily accessible.

In ancient Greece, the agora wasn’t merely a place to buy and sell; it was also a space for political discussion, civic engagement, and public debate. Citizens gathered here to hear speeches, engage in philosophy, and participate in democratic processes. In many ways, the agora was the birthplace of Western democracy, hosting discussions that would shape Greek society. The agora embodied the idea that a public market could be more than an economic hub—it could be the social and political heart of a community.

Medieval Markets: The Rise of Weekly Trade

As cities in Europe grew during the medieval period, public markets became central to urban development. Medieval markets generally operated on a weekly basis and were strategically located along trade routes, allowing cities to flourish as trading centers. For example, Bruges in Belgium was famous for its central market square, the Grote Markt, which became a major trading hub for merchants from across Europe. The success of markets like these helped medieval cities thrive, stimulating both population growth and economic expansion.

The Transformation of Public Markets During the Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution brought rapid urbanization, changing the nature of public markets. By the 19th century, many cities had permanent indoor markets, adapting to the growing urban population. Les Halles in Paris, constructed in 1850, was one of the largest and most famous examples of this. Known as the “Belly of Paris,” Les Halles covered 20,000 square meters and supplied the city with fresh produce, meats, and fish. The market became a microcosm of Parisian life, serving everyone from street vendors to upper-class Parisians, providing not only goods but a vibrant social scene.

The Decline and Revival of Public Markets: Pike Place Market, Seattle

In the 20th century, public markets faced challenges as supermarkets, chain stores, and shopping malls took over urban retail. However, in the 1970s, cities across the world recognized the importance of preserving public markets, leading to a revival. One of the most famous examples of this is Seattle’s Pike Place Market. Opened in 1907, Pike Place Market was initially a space for farmers to sell directly to consumers, bypassing middlemen.

By the 1960s, however, Pike Place was threatened by development pressures. But thanks to public advocacy, it was preserved and revitalized. Today, Pike Place Market is one of Seattle’s top tourist attractions, drawing more than 10 million visitors annually. It’s home to hundreds of vendors, artisans, and food stalls, contributing over $250 million to Seattle’s economy each year. This revival highlights how public markets can serve as both commercial hubs and tourist destinations, revitalizing neighborhoods and enhancing community identity.

Modern Public Markets: A Global Phenomenon

Today, cities worldwide are embracing public markets for their economic and social value. La Boqueria in Barcelona, established in the 13th century, is one of Europe’s most vibrant public markets. With over 200 vendors, it attracts both locals and tourists, offering fresh produce, seafood, and tapas. La Boqueria not only supports local agriculture but also fosters a unique atmosphere that reinforces Barcelona’s identity as a cultural capital.

In Mexico City, the Mercado de la Merced is one of the largest markets in the Americas, covering over 72,000 square meters and offering thousands of different products. It serves as a crucial source of affordable food for the city’s 9 million residents and sustains thousands of jobs, showing how public markets continue to play an essential role in food security.

In Bangkok, Thailand, the Chatuchak Market spans over 35 acres and hosts more than 15,000 stalls every weekend. Attracting an estimated 200,000 visitors per day, it has become an international attraction, drawing shoppers looking for everything from local crafts to exotic foods. Chatuchak’s economic impact is immense, supporting local vendors and reinforcing Bangkok’s status as a global shopping destination.

The Role of Public Markets in Modern Urban Planning

In recent years, urban planners have recognized the importance of public markets for sustainable urban development. Public markets encourage walkability, reduce reliance on cars, and support local economies by providing spaces for small businesses. They also offer fresh food, which can improve public health, particularly in urban “food deserts,” areas lacking access to affordable, nutritious food. Cities such as Toronto and San Francisco have integrated public markets into their urban planning as a means of fostering sustainable food systems.

For example, The Ferry Building Marketplace in San Francisco, originally constructed in 1898, was transformed in 2003 into a public market emphasizing local, sustainable produce. Today, it supports over 80 local farmers and artisans, drawing millions of visitors annually. The marketplace has not only become a vital part of San Francisco’s food culture but also a model for using public markets to strengthen local food systems and reduce the city’s carbon footprint.

Conclusion: The Enduring Power of Public Markets

Public markets have endured for thousands of years because they provide more than just goods; they are social and cultural gathering spaces, economic engines, and symbols of civic pride. From the ancient agora of Athens to the bustling stalls of Pike Place Market, public markets continue to adapt to the needs of modern cities while preserving a timeless tradition of community and commerce. Today, as cities prioritize sustainability, walkability, and local economies, public markets are more important than ever.

By reconnecting us with local products, people, and cultures, public markets remind us that cities aren’t just places to live and work—they’re communities built around shared experiences and connections.

More about walkability:

Why Some Cities Feel Like a Maze

The Land Use and Individual Correlates of Pedestrian Commuting: Who Walks to Their Work or Place of Study in the Large Cities of the MENA Region?

The Association between Regular Use of Ridesourcing and Walking Mode Choice in Cairo and Tehran

Urban travel characteristics in relation with jobs-housing balance and accessibility: results of a survey in Lahore, Pakistan

Walking, Cycling, and Obesity Rates in Europe, North America, and Australia